Legal Discovery Through the Study of the Place Where the Law Occurs (Al-'urf and Al-'Adah al-Muhakkamah)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65049/8jp3dg04Keywords:
Al-Urf, Al-ʿādah Al-muḥakkamah, Manaṭ al-ḥukm al-makani, Istinbaṭ al-ḥukm, Islamic Economic Law, Maqaṣid al-shari’ahAbstract
Abstract:This study analyzes the methodology of Islamic legal discovery (istinbāṭ al-ḥukm) through the concept of manāṭ al-ḥukm al-makānī by emphasizing the role of al-ʿurf and al-ʿādah al-muḥakkamah as indicators of the social space in which law operates. Islamic law is not merely derived from normative textual sources such as the Qur’an, Sunnah, ijmāʿ, and qiyās, but also develops through continuous interaction with social customs that shape patterns of economic and family relations. This interaction becomes increasingly relevant in contemporary contexts marked by rapid technological change and the expansion of digital economic practices. Methodologically, this research employs a qualitative descriptive-analytical approach within a normative-juridical framework of uṣūl al-fiqh. Data were collected through library research on classical and contemporary uṣūl al-fiqh works, fiqh maxims, Islamic economic law literature, and relevant legal documents, and were analyzed using thematic content analysis with deductive–inductive reasoning patterns. The study identifies that ʿurf functions as an implicit determinant of contractual intent and as an operational explanation of general normative principles, particularly in muʿāmalāt transactions conducted in Islamic banking institutions, Baitul Maal wat Tamwil (BMT), and digital marketplaces. However, the accommodation of custom as a legal basis is not unconditional. Only valid (ṣaḥīḥ) ʿurf that does not contradict Sharīʿa principles, is widely recognized, consistently practiced, and relevant to the contractual context may be accepted. The findings further demonstrate that the legitimacy of ʿurf must be evaluated through linguistic accuracy, tasyrīʿiyah control mechanisms, and alignment with maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, particularly in preserving wealth, ensuring legal certainty, and preventing harm in transactions. This study concludes that contextual legal discovery grounded in the place where law occurs is essential for maintaining the relevance and applicability of Islamic law, while a strict methodological framework is required to ensure that legal adaptation to social change does not compromise normative integrity and the objectives of Sharīʿa.
Keywords: Al-Urf; Al-ʿādah Al-muḥakkamah; Manaṭ al-ḥukm al-makani; Istinbaṭ al-ḥukm; Islamic Economic Law; Maqaṣid al-shari’ah
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